Albert Durer essays

Albert Durer essays Albert Durer was a very great artist. Some people consider him one of the best artists in the Renaissance period, or the best artist of the renaissance period in Germany. He only left Nuremberg three times to visit Venice and the Netherlands. Albrecht Durer was born in Nurembourg in May 21, 1471. His father, Albrecht Durer was a goldsmith, he had come from Germany to Nurembourg in 1455 and married Barbara Holper. Barbara's father was Albrecht's master. Albrecht was his father's third son. He was apprenticed by Michael Wolgumut in 1486 and began to work with woodcuts. He finished his apprentiship with Michael Wolgumut after four years. Than, in 1494, he married Agnes Frey and left Nuremberg to go to Venice the same year. He became very fascinated by their style and worked on woodcuts, drawings, paintings, wood and copper engravings. From that period on, the Italian influence was unmistakable in his work. Since paintings were very costly and not many people could afford them. Durer decided to work on woodcuts so that he could easily create copies of his work. These copies were used to educate people in religious and classical history. In 1507 Durer made another trip to Venice; he stayed there for a year and a half. After he returned, he seemed to have given up painting, and instead spent most of his time to his copper and wood engravings. In 1513 and 1514 he completed his three best-known copper engravings: 'Knight, Death and Devil', 'St. Jerome in His Study', and 'Melancholia'. Durer also researched about the mathematics of proportion and perspective and published two works on this topic during his life. He was a friend of Martin Luther and several other leaders of the Reformation. He died in Nuremberg on April 6, 1528. ...

Free Essays on Tiberius And Claudius

Assess the contribution Tiberius and Claudius made to Rome and its Empire Tiberius and Claudius both made significant contributions to Rome and it’s Empire. According to ancient writers Tiberius’ contributions were minor but still significant, and Claudius had made more extensive and large contributions. The contributions of Tiberius include administrative, the welfare of the population, foreign policy and diplomacy, and financial. The contributions of Claudius include administrative, foreign policy, peace and prosperity, welfare of the population and public works. Despite these contributions, both Tiberius and Claudius shattered the well-produced image of Rome by their appearance or personality and both had been under the influence of devious men and women. Tacitus, Suetonius and Cassius Dio all acknowledge that Tiberius made capable administrative contributions to Rome. Perhaps Tiberius’ greatest contribution in administration to the welfare of the people was his maintenance of law and order, as Tacitus comments that Tiberius quickly settle disputes in court so there won’t be any disturbances in the community. This is reinforced by Suetonius’ account where he describes that Tiberius decreased the distance between police posts to safeguard the country and therefore Tiberius had contributed peace and safety to the people of Rome and its Empire. He appointed the city Prefect who, with the aid of the urban cohorts, was responsible for keeping law and order in the city. Tiberius made contributions to the welfare of the people of Rome as the Velleuis Paterculus informs us that Tiberius used his private fortune by providing aid for the victims of major disasters, such as the Tiber floods and the disastrous fire at the Aventine. According to Cassius Dio, Tiberius had also used his private fortune to rebuild and adorn practically all the public works and assisted both the city and the private individuals. Tiberius had contrib... Free Essays on Tiberius And Claudius Free Essays on Tiberius And Claudius Assess the contribution Tiberius and Claudius made to Rome and its Empire Tiberius and Claudius both made significant contributions to Rome and it’s Empire. According to ancient writers Tiberius’ contributions were minor but still significant, and Claudius had made more extensive and large contributions. The contributions of Tiberius include administrative, the welfare of the population, foreign policy and diplomacy, and financial. The contributions of Claudius include administrative, foreign policy, peace and prosperity, welfare of the population and public works. Despite these contributions, both Tiberius and Claudius shattered the well-produced image of Rome by their appearance or personality and both had been under the influence of devious men and women. Tacitus, Suetonius and Cassius Dio all acknowledge that Tiberius made capable administrative contributions to Rome. Perhaps Tiberius’ greatest contribution in administration to the welfare of the people was his maintenance of law and order, as Tacitus comments that Tiberius quickly settle disputes in court so there won’t be any disturbances in the community. This is reinforced by Suetonius’ account where he describes that Tiberius decreased the distance between police posts to safeguard the country and therefore Tiberius had contributed peace and safety to the people of Rome and its Empire. He appointed the city Prefect who, with the aid of the urban cohorts, was responsible for keeping law and order in the city. Tiberius made contributions to the welfare of the people of Rome as the Velleuis Paterculus informs us that Tiberius used his private fortune by providing aid for the victims of major disasters, such as the Tiber floods and the disastrous fire at the Aventine. According to Cassius Dio, Tiberius had also used his private fortune to rebuild and adorn practically all the public works and assisted both the city and the private individuals. Tiberius had contrib...

Scholarly Journal Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Scholarly Journal Analysis - Essay Example Moreover, various primary and secondary data sources were utilized to evaluate and establish any potential link between the legalization of marijuana and the subsequent exhibited use, potential abuse and apparent dependence. The findings indicated that there is an evident relationship between higher use and tendencies for marijuana abuse and dependence on states that legalized marijuana for medicina purposes, as compared to the states that did not. An evaluation of the information, methods, analysis, and discussion of results in the article reveals that the authors used the appropriate structure, language, as well as presentation style to effectively validate their contentions. The use of major headings and sub-headings clearly delineated main topics of discussion. Moreover, the authors’ ability to select the most appropriate method perfectly match the conceptual framework which validated the results. In addition, the language used was straightforward and comprehensible which assisted readers from diverse educational backgrounds to grasp the intended messages. As noted, the sources of data were explicitly identified and effectively structured. It was commendable that the findings were presented in a clear and consistent format where the entire discussion of results were expounded according to justifications for relationships found. Four (4) mechanisms were noted to rationalize the relationships between legalization of m edical marijuana in identified states to the rate of use and potential abuse or dependency. As contended, these mechanisms could become frameworks for future research on the study. Concurrently, the authors observed the need to maintain objectivity through indicating as much as five (5) limitations of the research which were extensively explained. In addition, suggestions on areas of focus for future research were also indicated to provide interested researchers to pursue studies sharing

Western civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Western civilization - Essay Example al sources such as Exodus, Homer’s Odyssey and Herodotus represent a distinctively â€Å"western† perspective not just by having elements which resemble western total way of life, but by actually having generated and shaped western political, social and economic way of life. According to Fanfan (2007), one of the indicators of Homer’s Odyssey being a reflection of western perspective is seen in Agamemnon’s act of assembling his Greek army to invade other kingdoms such as Thessaly, the Messenians, the Arcadians, the Opeians and the Greeks. To Agamemnon the king of Mycenae, his kingdom was to spread through military conquests and treaties. This is in line with the western perspective of international politics and seeking state interests which is deeply hegemonic in nature. The hegemonic nature of the western world is exemplified by the occupation of America by the settlers, once Christopher Columbus discovered it in 1492, the Scramble and Partition for Africa, colonialism, World War I and II. All these were attempts to perpetuate the strength and interests of a state or a nation-state. The same has not changed even presently, since western countries still use neocolonialism to economically and socio-politically subjugate developing

Sources of Funds for Businesses Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Sources of Funds for Businesses - Assignment Example Owners’ investment: - This is funds generated from the owner's savings, they are pillars of many small businesses.   Owner’s investments are used in most cases where your business doesn't have the assets to invest. Retained earnings:-This source of funds is only obtainable for a business which has been in operation for more than one year. It’s an easy source of internal funding because this is when returns made are reinvested back into the business. It’s a medium to a long-term source of funds. Debt Collection: - A business can increase its funding by collecting debts from their debtors, however not all business has debtors thus this form is not applicable to all businesses. It’s a short-term source of funding a business. Bank Overdraft:-This is where a financial institution permits an entity to take out additional cash than it has in its savings. This means that a company may still write cheques even with no money in their accounts. It’s a short-term source of funds and can be very expensive if used over longer periods (Gregoriou, Kooli & Kraussll, 2007). Hire Purchase:-This technique allows a business to get assets without the necessity to pay larger amounts. Involves paying the first deposit and even payments for a certain period; it’s a medium-term source of funds Mortgage:-This is a credit held on the property, payable in installments over a particular period of time usually 25 years. After the final payment, a business will officially own the property. It’s a long-term source of funds. Corporations can rely on both internal and external sources of funds because both have their advantages and disadvantages. However, many corporations today rely on external funds due to the following reasons Most business needs finances to grow. Even companies with greater returns cannot rely only on reinvested earnings to finance their operations. Hence, a business is required to secure bank loans, partner with other companies or any other way to raise external funds. (Smart, Megginson & Graham, 2010).  

Automation Process in Online Shopping

Automation Process in Online Shopping 1. INTRODUCTION Online Shopping 1.1 About The Project This project is developed for the automation process of shopping throw online i.e through web. In marchant module adding the catogories,products,itemSales, giving orders, stock maintenace, creating invoice (bill) for orders, shipping of items order given by customer. creation, details, and other transactions like automatic increment,decrement of stock, paid invoice(amount),shipping invoice And all other transactions for large scale whole sale or retail sales, very big shops, or organizations. This project mainly contains 3 modules like Marchant module, Customer module, and invoice module. In customer module customers will give orders for items which are being available in that shop. In our project that order is processed and details are stored in data base. In invoice module total bill for ordered items will be created. In case if the ordered items are not being shipped at a time then the pending order details will be processed and the bill for the pending order will be created. In Marchant Module products are being maintained in category wise and product wise, item wise and up to date stock will be maintained in computerized manner. And up to date order given by the customer through online web status will be shown with help of dynamic web pages by getting data from database. EXISTING SYSTEM In existing system every thing is manual like customer will go to shop manually and he/she selects items which are available in shop and the marchant will calculate the bill for products selected by the customer and then shipping process will take place. Existing System is manual, every thing we have to do manually displaying items Selecting items Billing process Shipping Problems in present system Could not synchronize the Outward information to shopping order details. No track of the complaints and replaced goods after ordering Order status is updated manually using Order Confirmation. Very high levels of effort for preparing invoices and dispatch related documents and routing them to relevant departments or locations and high levels of clerical activity on account of applicability of different customers and products. Increased levels of expectation from customers with respect to prompt delivery of items. Inability to accurately judge changing patterns of fast and slow moving items on account of large volumes of data, and inability to track goods in transit. Difficulties in handling customer queries pertaining to consignments in-transit and partial dispatches. Important orders not discriminated from others since all orders since all orders were processed on a FIFO basis-hence need to be able to prioritize and process orders on a preferential basis (for high value orders or important customers), if required. Increase in frequency of goods returned on account of damage leading to high stock levels of damaged goods in the factory. Discrepancy between ordered and invoiced quantities on account of either partial availability of stocks or clerical oversights. Insufficient checks in the current system for ensuring customer credit limits are not exceeded. Sales data not analyzed properly to streamline production volumes. This is primarily on account of varying sales patterns across the year and high volumes of transaction. Customers could communicate to the Sales people but no information is kept in track for future references. Marchant or Management couldnt not have any information regarding latest sales reports unless requested and taken it for Spreadsheet applications. Marchant or Management requires the Quality information updates against the complaints and quality measures and metrics, which the current system couldnt provide such facilities. The end user of this product is a departmental store where the application is hosted on the web and administrator maintains database.This application which is deployed at the departmental store will automate the following process. the customer details are appended to the customer database. The details of the items are brought forward from the database for customers view based on the selection through the menu. Database of all the products are products are updated at the end of the each transaction. 1. MODULE Marchant Module Marchant will enter into the next form by entering username,password in this login page,after entering into next page marchant will add new products, categories, different different items what are all the items available in that store,and if he wants he will modify the things,he will delete things And maintains everything by date wise. Enhancing stores update stores delete from stores Software and Hardware Requirements The following software and hardware are recommended for the company. Hardware Requirements: Processor : Pentium Speed : 233 MHz Monitor : samtron HardDisk : 4.2 GB RAM : 128 MB Software Requirements: Operating : SystemWindows NT Language : JAVA (JSP, JDBC).JDK 1.4 Backend : ORACLE 2.0 SYSTEM SPECIFICATION 2.1 Introduction 2.4 Advantages of the Proposed System Inter-Department Communication using Intranet Mailing Services (emails)Tracking the mails received from the customers as complaints and using them for appraisal and audit purpose purposes. Customized and adhoc reports for the MIS for decision-making. Order indent-automation from the direct sales dept. Shop Inventory Database updates. Stock in shop information Communication with the customers regarding the orders and complaints and tracking them for the future purposes. Application Portfolio It is recommended that the organization takes up the following four functional areas for automation Marchant department customer department Stores department Billing, shipping Information System The reasons for selecting the above are that firstly they directly address the problems enumerated. Secondly, together they forma cohesive set of well-integrated application with one system acting as the feeder system for the other. System Architecture DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS: A data flow diagram is a logical model of a system. The model does not depend on hardware, software and data structures of the organization. There is no physical implication in a data flow diagram. Because the diagram is a graphic picture of the logical system, it tends to be easy for every non-technical user to understand and thus serves as an excellent communication tool. Finally a data flow diagram is a good starting point for system design. To construct a data flow diagram it uses four basic symbols. They are given below. Rectangle: The above symbol is used to define source or destination of data. Circle or Rounded Corners Rectangle: The above symbols are defined to represent a process that transforms or modifies the data. 3.21 INTRODUCTION UML is a notation that resulted from the unification Of Object Modeling Technique and Object Oriented Software Technology .UML has been designed for broad range of application. Hence, it provides constructs for a broad range of systems and activities. An Overview of UML in five notations 1. use case diagrams Use cases are used during requirements elicitation and analysis To represent the functionality of the system.Use cases focus on the behaviour of the system from the external point of view.The actor are Outside the boundary of the system,whereas the use cases are inside the boundary of the system. 2. class diagrams Class diagrams to describe the structure of the system. Classes Are abstraction that specify the common structure and behaviour of a set Of objects. Class diagrams describe the system in terms of objects, classes, attributes, operations and their associations. 3. Sequence diagrams Sequence diagrams are used to formalize the behaviour of the system and to visualize the communication among objects. They are useful for identifying additional objects that participate in the use cases. A Sequence diagram represents the interaction that take place among these objects. 4. Statechart diagrams State chart diagrams describe the behaviour of an individual object as a number of states and transitions between these states. A state represents a particular set of values for an object. The sequence diagram focuses on the messages exchanged between objects, the state chart diagrams focuses on the transition between states. 5.Activity diagrams An activity diagram describes a system in terms of activities. Activities are states that represents the execution of a set of operations. Activity diagrams are similar to flowchart diagram and data flow. Screens of online shopping 3. REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION PURPOSE The purpose of â€Å"Online Shopping† is to evaluate the performance of the various products, maintain stock details, product details, and customer details of â€Å"very big shops†. SCOPE This document is meant for the use of the organization and also will be the basis for clarifications. Alterations will not be made without the permission of the organization. PRODUCT FUNCTIONS OVERVIEW Online Shopping is mainly designed for the big shops to automate the maintenance of stock, maintaining customer details, manipulating product details and maintaining the payment details. It also promotes in monitoring the marketing strategy to be implemented depending on the performance of the various products. 3.1 Requirements In system analysis the developer interacts with the customer/client and works with him in order to find out what he specifically needs. Later he sees the past system, which is in use, and tries to find out what is lacking in that system. This examination of past system is not mandatory. That helps the developer to dig in the problem of the client or the customer. System Analysis is the study of gathering and interpreting facts, diagnosing problems, and using the recommended improvements to the system. Analysis specifies what the system should do whereas design states how to accomplish the objective. System Analysis is comprised of following things. Identify the customers need. Feasibility study. Analyzing the system technically and economically. Resource allocation. Cost Estimations and Work schedule preparation. Defining the system, which forms the base of the following activities. The success of a system depends largely on how accurately a problem is defined, thoroughly investigated and properly carried out through the choice of solution. User need identification and analysis are concerned with the user needs rather than what the customer wants. This step is intended to help the user and the analyst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms. This package has been developed in order to overcome the difficulties encountered while using the manual system. Faster and timely generation of reports is another motivating factor for the development of this package. The following requirements are identified. 3.1.1 Functional Requirements Customer Order Processing New order (Order no auto generated). View Products in category Status. Log User Complaints. Order Search and Processing Status. Internal Mail. Merchants Inventory Processing Category wise prod Details. Department Orders. Internal Mails. Management Information System Processing Adhoc Report. Internal Mails. Inter office Memos. 3.1.2 User Interfaces: A LOGIN form is presented with three fields to be entered. When the Login button is pressed, based on the empid, department values in the login form, database the respective form gets displayed. After that the user can perform the required activities. 3.2.2 Analysis Objects 1. Interface Objects: The interface object (also known as Boundary Object) is responsible for controlling access to the Enterprise Java Beans tier from any client. This includes other server-side components, such as Servlets and Jsp pages.An excellent example of interface object is the controller servlets for the web applications MVC architecture. 2. Control Objects: Control objects provide services to the application. They model functionality that is not naturally associated with a particular entity or interface. Often, this is because more than one entity needs to be operated on at one time; an example might be determining if there is sufficient inventory to manufacture a product. Other times, it may be because a relevant entity was not identified in the model; an example might be charging someones credit card. 3. Entity Objects: Entity objects model those business objects that should maintain their state after the use case completes. Typically, this means that they represent data from the database. Some examples are Customer, product, and an order. Entity objects should be represented by entity beans in the implementation model. The Entity Objects: Customer Invoice Order Stock Product 3.3 INPUTS The following inputs are collected for proposed system during the requirements specification from the Industries. 1. Goods Inward Note (GIN) The factory receives this document from the factory along with the finished goods. It consists of the details of items received .The warehouse in charge is supposed to physically verify the stock received against this document. Discrepancies are to be noted on the GIN and send back to the factory. It is use to enter details into the Goods inward register. It is also used to update stock book on weekly basis. 2. Goods received Confirmation On receiving the goods the customer is supposed to send a letter or telephonically in form the receipt of the consignment. Having got this information, the relevant invoice from the in transit file is to be removed and destroyed is fixed format for this document. 3. Goods Returned Note This is prepared based on the information send by the direct customer or dealer on goods that have been damaged in transit. It contains the details of the damaged goods. A copy of this is sent to the order-processing department, anther copy to the quality control department and third is field in the GRN file. The GRN details are entered into the damaged goods ledger. 4. Order Company receives order from their direct customer and detailers. The dealers fill in the details on Flowells order form itself. The orders from the direct customers are transcribed on the regular format. Orders can be sent by one warehouse to another. They are used for checking the availability of the stock. They are serialized and then filled. In is used to check the availability of the required stock in stock book and the goods inward register. The order could be serviced completely, partially or pending as the case may be. 3.5 Outputs The following outputs are collected for proposed system during the requirements specification from the Shops. 1. Invoice Once an order (either direct customer order or the dealer order) gets serviced partially or fully, an invoice for the same needs to be prepared. Most of the details are picked up from the order itself .An order may have multiple invoices. The discount for special customers is worked out. The rate is got form the product rate file. A copy of the invoice is sent to the direct customer, dealer, in-transit file, invoice file. The invoice details are entered into the issue register. Once supplementary gets service partially or fully nil valued supplementary invoice for the same needs to be prepared. Most of the details are picked up from the supplementary order itself. A copy of the supplementary invoice is sent to the direct customer, dealer, in-tansit file, and supplementary invoice file. The supplementary invoice details are entered into the issue register. 2. Dispatch Instructions The invoice department picks up dispatch instructions for the invoices that are prepared from the order form. This they send to the dispatch department. They prepare a packing slip. This is a regular report being prepared, consisting of order that are pending as of a particular date. The details for this report are taken from the pending orders. 3. Weekly Stock Status Report This is another weekly report prepared giving the details of the stock of each product. The details are obtained from the stock book. This report is prepared on adhoc basis. Whenever the actual stock is compared with book stock, and discrepancies found, they are entered product wise in this report. 4. DESIGN SPECIFICATION 4.1 DATA DESIGN Data objects A data object is a thing about which you want to store information. It has independent existence and can be uniquely identified. The following data objects are derived for the system. Customer Order Product Invoice category Relationships A relationship is a named association between agent and customer entity or more than entities we say that relationship exists between clerk and customer entity type. Similarly a relation between a clerk entity type and a manager entity type. The following relationships are identified for the system. For instance let us take the objects CUSTOMER, CATEGORY,PRODUCT, ORDER ,BILL the following relationships are identified. Customer â€Å"places† an Order. Order â€Å"contains† Product. Product â€Å"dispatched to† Customer. The relationships between the remaining entities are as follows : Customer â€Å"receives† Invoice. Invoice â€Å"has† Product. E-R Diagram E-R Diagram as a method to represent a Data model and was developed by Chen (1976). The main focus of a Data Model is to identify the required data and show it diagrammatically, which is called Entity Relationship Diagram. Its popularly is attributed to its simplicity. It has a top-down design approach to decide the minimum data that we would like to store for a given information system. 4.2 Screens ONLINE SHOPPING SCREENS TESTING It is a process of establishing confidence that a program or system does what it is proposed of. Testing is the only way to assure the quality of software and it is an umbrella activity rather than a separate phase. This is an activity to be performed in parallel with the software effort and one that consists of its own phases of analysis, design, implementation, execution and maintenance. 5.1 Testing strategy 5.1.1 Unit Testing: This testing method considers a module as single unit and checks the unit at interfaces and communicates with other modules rather than getting into details at statement level. Here the module will be treated as a black box, which will take some inputs and generate output. Outputs for a given set of input combination are pre-calculated and are generated by the module. 5.1.2 Integration testing: Here all the pre-tested individual modules will be assembled to create the larger system and tests are carried out at system level to make sure that all modules are working in synchronous with each other. This testing methodology helps in making sure that all modules which are running perfectly when checked individually and are also running cohesion with other modules. For this testing we create test cases to check all modules once and then generated test combinations of test paths through out the system to make sure that no path is making its way into chaos. 5.1.3 Validation testing: Testing is a major quality control measure employed during software development. Its basic function is to detect errors. Sub functions when combined may not produce than it is desired. Global data structures can represent the problems. Integrated testing is a systematic technique for constructing the program structure while conducting the tests. To uncover errors that are associated with interfacing the objective is to make test modules and built a program structure that has been detected by design. In a non-incremental integration all the modules are combined in advance and the program is tested as a whole. Here errors will appear in an endless loop function. In incremental testing the program is constructed and tested in small segments where the errors are isolated and corrected. Different incremental integration strategies are top-down integration, bottom-up integration, regression testing. 5.1.4 High-order testing (a.k.a. System Testing) Modules are integrated by moving downwards through the control hierarchy beginning with main program. The subordinate modules are incorporated into structure in either a Breadth First manner or in a Depth First manner. This process is done in five steps: Main control module is used as a test driver and steps are submitted are all modules directly to main program. Depending on the integration approach selected subordinate is replaced at a time with actual modules. Tests are conducted. On completion of each set of tests another stub is replaced with the real module. Regression testing may be conducted to ensure that new errors have not been introduced. This process continues from step 2 until entire program structure is reached. In top down integration strategy decision making occurs at upper levels in the hierarchy and is encountered first. If major control problems do exists early recognitions is essential. If Depth First integration is selected a complete function of the software may be implemented and demonstrated. Some problems occur when processing at low levels in hierarchy is required to adequately test upper level steps to replace low-level modules at the beginning of the top-down testing. So no data flows upwards in the program structure. BOTTOM-UP INTEGRATION TESTING Begins construction and testing with automatic modules. As modules are integrated from the bottom-up, processing requirement for modules subordinate to a given level is always available and need for stubs is eliminated. The following steps implement this strategy: Low-level modules are combined in to clusters that perform a specific software sub function. A driver is written to coordinate test case input and output. Cluster is tested. Drivers are removed and moving upward in program structure combines clusters. Integration moves upward, the need for separate test drovers lesions. If the top-levels of the program are integrated top-down, the number of drivers can be reduced substantially and integration of clusters is greatly simplified. REGRESSION TESTING Each time a new module is added as a part of integration as the software changes. Regression testing is an actually that helps to ensure changes that do not introduce unintended behavior as additional errors. Regression testing may be conducted manually by executing a subset of all test cases and results for subsequent playback tools enables the software engineer to capture the test case and results for subsequent playback and compression. The regression suit contains different classes of test cases. 6. CONFIGURATION 7. FEATURES USED 7.1 About J2EE (Javaâ„ ¢ 2 Platform Enterprise Edition, v1.3) Today, more and more developers want to write distributed transactional applications for the enterprise and leverage the speed, security, and reliability of server-side technology. If you are already working in this area, you know that in todays fast-moving and demanding world of e-commerce and information technology, enterprise applications have to be designed, built, and produced for less money, with greater speed, and with fewer resources than ever before. To reduce costs and fast-track enterprise application design and development, the Javaâ„ ¢2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EEâ„ ¢) technology provides a component-based approach to the design, development, assembly, and deployment of enterprise applications. The J2EE platform offers a multitiered distributed application model, the ability to reuse components, integrated Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based data interchange, a unified security model, and flexible transaction control. Not only can you deliver innovative customer solutions to market faster than ever, but your platform-independent J2EE component-based solutions are not tied to the products and application programming interfaces (APIs) of any one vendor. Vendors and customers enjoy the freedom to choose the products and components that best meet their business and technological requirements. Distributed Multitier Applications The J2EE platform uses a multitier distributed application model for both enterprise applications. Application logic is divided into components according to function, and the various application components that make up a J2EE application are installed on different machines depending on the tier in the multitier J2EE environment to which the application component belongs. The following Figure shows two multitier J2EE applications divided into the tiers described in the following list. The J2EE application parts shown in the Figure are presented in J2EE Components. Client-tier components run on the client machine. Web-tier components run on the J2EE server. Business-tier components run on the J2EE server. Enterprise information system (EIS)-tier software runs on the EIS server. Although a J2EE application can consist of the three or four tiers shown in Figure, J2EE multitiered applications are generally considered to be threetiered applications because they are distributed over three different locations: client machines, the J2EE server machine, and the database or legacy machines at the back end. Three-tiered applications that run in this way extend the standard two-tiered client and server model by placing a multithreaded application server between the client application and back-end storage. J2EE Architecture The required relationships of architectural elements of the J2EE platform are shown in Figure. Note that this figure shows the logical relationships of the elements; it is not meant to imply a physical partitioning of the elements into separate machines, processes, address spaces, or virtual machines.The Containers, denoted by the separate rectangles,are J2EE runtime environments that provide required services to the application components represented in the upper half of the rectangle. The services provided are denoted by the boxes in the lower half of the rectangle. For example, the Application Client Container provides Java Messaging Service (JMS) APIs to Application Clients, as well as the other services represented. All these services are explained below. The arrows represent required access to other parts of the J2EE platform. The Application Client Container provides Application Clients with direct access to the J2EE required Database through the Java API for connectivity with database systems, the JDBCTM API. Similar access to databases is provided to JSP pages and servlets by the Web Container, and to enterprise beans by the EJB Container. As indicated the APIs of the JavaTM 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SETM), are supported by J2SE runtime environments for each type of application component. J2EE Architecture Diagram J2EE Components J2EE applications are made up of components. A J2EE component is a self-contained functional software unit that is assembled into a J2EE application with its related classes and files and that communicates with other components. The J2EE specification defines the following J2EE components: Application clients and applets are components that run on the client. Java Servlet and JavaServer Pagesâ„ ¢ (JSPâ„ ¢) technology components are Web components that run on the server. Enterprise JavaBeansâ„ ¢ (EJBâ„ ¢) components (enterprise beans) are business Components that run on the server. J2EE components are written in the Java programming language and are compiled in the same way as any program in the language. The difference between J2EE components and â€Å"standard† Java classes is that J2EE components are assembled into a J2EE application, verified to be well formed and in compliance with the J2EE specification, and deployed to production, where they are run and managed by the J2EE server. J2EE Clients A J2EE client can be a Web client or an application client. Web Clients A Web client consists of two parts: dynamic Web pages containing various types of markup language (HTML, XML, and so on), which are generated by Web components running in the Web tier, and a Web browser, which renders the pages received from the server. A Web client is sometimes called a thin client. Thin clients usually do not do things like query databases, execute complex business rules, or connect to legacy applications. When you use a thin client, heavyweight operations like these are off-loaded to enterprise beans executing on the J2EE server where they can leverage the security, speed, services, and reliability of J2EE server-side technologies. Applets A Web page received from the Web tier can include an embedded applet. An applet is a small client application written in the Java programming language that executes in the Java virtual machine installed in the Web browser. However, client systems will likely need the Java Plug-in and possibly a security policy file in order for the applet to successfully execute in the Web browser. Web components are the preferred API for creating a Web client program because no plug-ins or security policy files are needed on the client systems. Also, Web components enable cleaner and more modular application design because they provide a way to separate applications programming from Web page design. Personnel involved in Web page design thus do not need to understand Java programming language syntax to do their jobs. Application Clients A J2EE application client runs on a client machine and provides a way for users to handle tasks that require a richer user interface than can be provided by a markup language. It typically has a graphical user interface (GUI) created from Swing or Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) APIs, but a command-line interface is certainly possible. Application clients directly access enterprise beans running in the Automation Process in Online Shopping Automation Process in Online Shopping 1. INTRODUCTION Online Shopping 1.1 About The Project This project is developed for the automation process of shopping throw online i.e through web. In marchant module adding the catogories,products,itemSales, giving orders, stock maintenace, creating invoice (bill) for orders, shipping of items order given by customer. creation, details, and other transactions like automatic increment,decrement of stock, paid invoice(amount),shipping invoice And all other transactions for large scale whole sale or retail sales, very big shops, or organizations. This project mainly contains 3 modules like Marchant module, Customer module, and invoice module. In customer module customers will give orders for items which are being available in that shop. In our project that order is processed and details are stored in data base. In invoice module total bill for ordered items will be created. In case if the ordered items are not being shipped at a time then the pending order details will be processed and the bill for the pending order will be created. In Marchant Module products are being maintained in category wise and product wise, item wise and up to date stock will be maintained in computerized manner. And up to date order given by the customer through online web status will be shown with help of dynamic web pages by getting data from database. EXISTING SYSTEM In existing system every thing is manual like customer will go to shop manually and he/she selects items which are available in shop and the marchant will calculate the bill for products selected by the customer and then shipping process will take place. Existing System is manual, every thing we have to do manually displaying items Selecting items Billing process Shipping Problems in present system Could not synchronize the Outward information to shopping order details. No track of the complaints and replaced goods after ordering Order status is updated manually using Order Confirmation. Very high levels of effort for preparing invoices and dispatch related documents and routing them to relevant departments or locations and high levels of clerical activity on account of applicability of different customers and products. Increased levels of expectation from customers with respect to prompt delivery of items. Inability to accurately judge changing patterns of fast and slow moving items on account of large volumes of data, and inability to track goods in transit. Difficulties in handling customer queries pertaining to consignments in-transit and partial dispatches. Important orders not discriminated from others since all orders since all orders were processed on a FIFO basis-hence need to be able to prioritize and process orders on a preferential basis (for high value orders or important customers), if required. Increase in frequency of goods returned on account of damage leading to high stock levels of damaged goods in the factory. Discrepancy between ordered and invoiced quantities on account of either partial availability of stocks or clerical oversights. Insufficient checks in the current system for ensuring customer credit limits are not exceeded. Sales data not analyzed properly to streamline production volumes. This is primarily on account of varying sales patterns across the year and high volumes of transaction. Customers could communicate to the Sales people but no information is kept in track for future references. Marchant or Management couldnt not have any information regarding latest sales reports unless requested and taken it for Spreadsheet applications. Marchant or Management requires the Quality information updates against the complaints and quality measures and metrics, which the current system couldnt provide such facilities. The end user of this product is a departmental store where the application is hosted on the web and administrator maintains database.This application which is deployed at the departmental store will automate the following process. the customer details are appended to the customer database. The details of the items are brought forward from the database for customers view based on the selection through the menu. Database of all the products are products are updated at the end of the each transaction. 1. MODULE Marchant Module Marchant will enter into the next form by entering username,password in this login page,after entering into next page marchant will add new products, categories, different different items what are all the items available in that store,and if he wants he will modify the things,he will delete things And maintains everything by date wise. Enhancing stores update stores delete from stores Software and Hardware Requirements The following software and hardware are recommended for the company. Hardware Requirements: Processor : Pentium Speed : 233 MHz Monitor : samtron HardDisk : 4.2 GB RAM : 128 MB Software Requirements: Operating : SystemWindows NT Language : JAVA (JSP, JDBC).JDK 1.4 Backend : ORACLE 2.0 SYSTEM SPECIFICATION 2.1 Introduction 2.4 Advantages of the Proposed System Inter-Department Communication using Intranet Mailing Services (emails)Tracking the mails received from the customers as complaints and using them for appraisal and audit purpose purposes. Customized and adhoc reports for the MIS for decision-making. Order indent-automation from the direct sales dept. Shop Inventory Database updates. Stock in shop information Communication with the customers regarding the orders and complaints and tracking them for the future purposes. Application Portfolio It is recommended that the organization takes up the following four functional areas for automation Marchant department customer department Stores department Billing, shipping Information System The reasons for selecting the above are that firstly they directly address the problems enumerated. Secondly, together they forma cohesive set of well-integrated application with one system acting as the feeder system for the other. System Architecture DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS: A data flow diagram is a logical model of a system. The model does not depend on hardware, software and data structures of the organization. There is no physical implication in a data flow diagram. Because the diagram is a graphic picture of the logical system, it tends to be easy for every non-technical user to understand and thus serves as an excellent communication tool. Finally a data flow diagram is a good starting point for system design. To construct a data flow diagram it uses four basic symbols. They are given below. Rectangle: The above symbol is used to define source or destination of data. Circle or Rounded Corners Rectangle: The above symbols are defined to represent a process that transforms or modifies the data. 3.21 INTRODUCTION UML is a notation that resulted from the unification Of Object Modeling Technique and Object Oriented Software Technology .UML has been designed for broad range of application. Hence, it provides constructs for a broad range of systems and activities. An Overview of UML in five notations 1. use case diagrams Use cases are used during requirements elicitation and analysis To represent the functionality of the system.Use cases focus on the behaviour of the system from the external point of view.The actor are Outside the boundary of the system,whereas the use cases are inside the boundary of the system. 2. class diagrams Class diagrams to describe the structure of the system. Classes Are abstraction that specify the common structure and behaviour of a set Of objects. Class diagrams describe the system in terms of objects, classes, attributes, operations and their associations. 3. Sequence diagrams Sequence diagrams are used to formalize the behaviour of the system and to visualize the communication among objects. They are useful for identifying additional objects that participate in the use cases. A Sequence diagram represents the interaction that take place among these objects. 4. Statechart diagrams State chart diagrams describe the behaviour of an individual object as a number of states and transitions between these states. A state represents a particular set of values for an object. The sequence diagram focuses on the messages exchanged between objects, the state chart diagrams focuses on the transition between states. 5.Activity diagrams An activity diagram describes a system in terms of activities. Activities are states that represents the execution of a set of operations. Activity diagrams are similar to flowchart diagram and data flow. Screens of online shopping 3. REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION PURPOSE The purpose of â€Å"Online Shopping† is to evaluate the performance of the various products, maintain stock details, product details, and customer details of â€Å"very big shops†. SCOPE This document is meant for the use of the organization and also will be the basis for clarifications. Alterations will not be made without the permission of the organization. PRODUCT FUNCTIONS OVERVIEW Online Shopping is mainly designed for the big shops to automate the maintenance of stock, maintaining customer details, manipulating product details and maintaining the payment details. It also promotes in monitoring the marketing strategy to be implemented depending on the performance of the various products. 3.1 Requirements In system analysis the developer interacts with the customer/client and works with him in order to find out what he specifically needs. Later he sees the past system, which is in use, and tries to find out what is lacking in that system. This examination of past system is not mandatory. That helps the developer to dig in the problem of the client or the customer. System Analysis is the study of gathering and interpreting facts, diagnosing problems, and using the recommended improvements to the system. Analysis specifies what the system should do whereas design states how to accomplish the objective. System Analysis is comprised of following things. Identify the customers need. Feasibility study. Analyzing the system technically and economically. Resource allocation. Cost Estimations and Work schedule preparation. Defining the system, which forms the base of the following activities. The success of a system depends largely on how accurately a problem is defined, thoroughly investigated and properly carried out through the choice of solution. User need identification and analysis are concerned with the user needs rather than what the customer wants. This step is intended to help the user and the analyst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms. This package has been developed in order to overcome the difficulties encountered while using the manual system. Faster and timely generation of reports is another motivating factor for the development of this package. The following requirements are identified. 3.1.1 Functional Requirements Customer Order Processing New order (Order no auto generated). View Products in category Status. Log User Complaints. Order Search and Processing Status. Internal Mail. Merchants Inventory Processing Category wise prod Details. Department Orders. Internal Mails. Management Information System Processing Adhoc Report. Internal Mails. Inter office Memos. 3.1.2 User Interfaces: A LOGIN form is presented with three fields to be entered. When the Login button is pressed, based on the empid, department values in the login form, database the respective form gets displayed. After that the user can perform the required activities. 3.2.2 Analysis Objects 1. Interface Objects: The interface object (also known as Boundary Object) is responsible for controlling access to the Enterprise Java Beans tier from any client. This includes other server-side components, such as Servlets and Jsp pages.An excellent example of interface object is the controller servlets for the web applications MVC architecture. 2. Control Objects: Control objects provide services to the application. They model functionality that is not naturally associated with a particular entity or interface. Often, this is because more than one entity needs to be operated on at one time; an example might be determining if there is sufficient inventory to manufacture a product. Other times, it may be because a relevant entity was not identified in the model; an example might be charging someones credit card. 3. Entity Objects: Entity objects model those business objects that should maintain their state after the use case completes. Typically, this means that they represent data from the database. Some examples are Customer, product, and an order. Entity objects should be represented by entity beans in the implementation model. The Entity Objects: Customer Invoice Order Stock Product 3.3 INPUTS The following inputs are collected for proposed system during the requirements specification from the Industries. 1. Goods Inward Note (GIN) The factory receives this document from the factory along with the finished goods. It consists of the details of items received .The warehouse in charge is supposed to physically verify the stock received against this document. Discrepancies are to be noted on the GIN and send back to the factory. It is use to enter details into the Goods inward register. It is also used to update stock book on weekly basis. 2. Goods received Confirmation On receiving the goods the customer is supposed to send a letter or telephonically in form the receipt of the consignment. Having got this information, the relevant invoice from the in transit file is to be removed and destroyed is fixed format for this document. 3. Goods Returned Note This is prepared based on the information send by the direct customer or dealer on goods that have been damaged in transit. It contains the details of the damaged goods. A copy of this is sent to the order-processing department, anther copy to the quality control department and third is field in the GRN file. The GRN details are entered into the damaged goods ledger. 4. Order Company receives order from their direct customer and detailers. The dealers fill in the details on Flowells order form itself. The orders from the direct customers are transcribed on the regular format. Orders can be sent by one warehouse to another. They are used for checking the availability of the stock. They are serialized and then filled. In is used to check the availability of the required stock in stock book and the goods inward register. The order could be serviced completely, partially or pending as the case may be. 3.5 Outputs The following outputs are collected for proposed system during the requirements specification from the Shops. 1. Invoice Once an order (either direct customer order or the dealer order) gets serviced partially or fully, an invoice for the same needs to be prepared. Most of the details are picked up from the order itself .An order may have multiple invoices. The discount for special customers is worked out. The rate is got form the product rate file. A copy of the invoice is sent to the direct customer, dealer, in-transit file, invoice file. The invoice details are entered into the issue register. Once supplementary gets service partially or fully nil valued supplementary invoice for the same needs to be prepared. Most of the details are picked up from the supplementary order itself. A copy of the supplementary invoice is sent to the direct customer, dealer, in-tansit file, and supplementary invoice file. The supplementary invoice details are entered into the issue register. 2. Dispatch Instructions The invoice department picks up dispatch instructions for the invoices that are prepared from the order form. This they send to the dispatch department. They prepare a packing slip. This is a regular report being prepared, consisting of order that are pending as of a particular date. The details for this report are taken from the pending orders. 3. Weekly Stock Status Report This is another weekly report prepared giving the details of the stock of each product. The details are obtained from the stock book. This report is prepared on adhoc basis. Whenever the actual stock is compared with book stock, and discrepancies found, they are entered product wise in this report. 4. DESIGN SPECIFICATION 4.1 DATA DESIGN Data objects A data object is a thing about which you want to store information. It has independent existence and can be uniquely identified. The following data objects are derived for the system. Customer Order Product Invoice category Relationships A relationship is a named association between agent and customer entity or more than entities we say that relationship exists between clerk and customer entity type. Similarly a relation between a clerk entity type and a manager entity type. The following relationships are identified for the system. For instance let us take the objects CUSTOMER, CATEGORY,PRODUCT, ORDER ,BILL the following relationships are identified. Customer â€Å"places† an Order. Order â€Å"contains† Product. Product â€Å"dispatched to† Customer. The relationships between the remaining entities are as follows : Customer â€Å"receives† Invoice. Invoice â€Å"has† Product. E-R Diagram E-R Diagram as a method to represent a Data model and was developed by Chen (1976). The main focus of a Data Model is to identify the required data and show it diagrammatically, which is called Entity Relationship Diagram. Its popularly is attributed to its simplicity. It has a top-down design approach to decide the minimum data that we would like to store for a given information system. 4.2 Screens ONLINE SHOPPING SCREENS TESTING It is a process of establishing confidence that a program or system does what it is proposed of. Testing is the only way to assure the quality of software and it is an umbrella activity rather than a separate phase. This is an activity to be performed in parallel with the software effort and one that consists of its own phases of analysis, design, implementation, execution and maintenance. 5.1 Testing strategy 5.1.1 Unit Testing: This testing method considers a module as single unit and checks the unit at interfaces and communicates with other modules rather than getting into details at statement level. Here the module will be treated as a black box, which will take some inputs and generate output. Outputs for a given set of input combination are pre-calculated and are generated by the module. 5.1.2 Integration testing: Here all the pre-tested individual modules will be assembled to create the larger system and tests are carried out at system level to make sure that all modules are working in synchronous with each other. This testing methodology helps in making sure that all modules which are running perfectly when checked individually and are also running cohesion with other modules. For this testing we create test cases to check all modules once and then generated test combinations of test paths through out the system to make sure that no path is making its way into chaos. 5.1.3 Validation testing: Testing is a major quality control measure employed during software development. Its basic function is to detect errors. Sub functions when combined may not produce than it is desired. Global data structures can represent the problems. Integrated testing is a systematic technique for constructing the program structure while conducting the tests. To uncover errors that are associated with interfacing the objective is to make test modules and built a program structure that has been detected by design. In a non-incremental integration all the modules are combined in advance and the program is tested as a whole. Here errors will appear in an endless loop function. In incremental testing the program is constructed and tested in small segments where the errors are isolated and corrected. Different incremental integration strategies are top-down integration, bottom-up integration, regression testing. 5.1.4 High-order testing (a.k.a. System Testing) Modules are integrated by moving downwards through the control hierarchy beginning with main program. The subordinate modules are incorporated into structure in either a Breadth First manner or in a Depth First manner. This process is done in five steps: Main control module is used as a test driver and steps are submitted are all modules directly to main program. Depending on the integration approach selected subordinate is replaced at a time with actual modules. Tests are conducted. On completion of each set of tests another stub is replaced with the real module. Regression testing may be conducted to ensure that new errors have not been introduced. This process continues from step 2 until entire program structure is reached. In top down integration strategy decision making occurs at upper levels in the hierarchy and is encountered first. If major control problems do exists early recognitions is essential. If Depth First integration is selected a complete function of the software may be implemented and demonstrated. Some problems occur when processing at low levels in hierarchy is required to adequately test upper level steps to replace low-level modules at the beginning of the top-down testing. So no data flows upwards in the program structure. BOTTOM-UP INTEGRATION TESTING Begins construction and testing with automatic modules. As modules are integrated from the bottom-up, processing requirement for modules subordinate to a given level is always available and need for stubs is eliminated. The following steps implement this strategy: Low-level modules are combined in to clusters that perform a specific software sub function. A driver is written to coordinate test case input and output. Cluster is tested. Drivers are removed and moving upward in program structure combines clusters. Integration moves upward, the need for separate test drovers lesions. If the top-levels of the program are integrated top-down, the number of drivers can be reduced substantially and integration of clusters is greatly simplified. REGRESSION TESTING Each time a new module is added as a part of integration as the software changes. Regression testing is an actually that helps to ensure changes that do not introduce unintended behavior as additional errors. Regression testing may be conducted manually by executing a subset of all test cases and results for subsequent playback tools enables the software engineer to capture the test case and results for subsequent playback and compression. The regression suit contains different classes of test cases. 6. CONFIGURATION 7. FEATURES USED 7.1 About J2EE (Javaâ„ ¢ 2 Platform Enterprise Edition, v1.3) Today, more and more developers want to write distributed transactional applications for the enterprise and leverage the speed, security, and reliability of server-side technology. If you are already working in this area, you know that in todays fast-moving and demanding world of e-commerce and information technology, enterprise applications have to be designed, built, and produced for less money, with greater speed, and with fewer resources than ever before. To reduce costs and fast-track enterprise application design and development, the Javaâ„ ¢2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EEâ„ ¢) technology provides a component-based approach to the design, development, assembly, and deployment of enterprise applications. The J2EE platform offers a multitiered distributed application model, the ability to reuse components, integrated Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based data interchange, a unified security model, and flexible transaction control. Not only can you deliver innovative customer solutions to market faster than ever, but your platform-independent J2EE component-based solutions are not tied to the products and application programming interfaces (APIs) of any one vendor. Vendors and customers enjoy the freedom to choose the products and components that best meet their business and technological requirements. Distributed Multitier Applications The J2EE platform uses a multitier distributed application model for both enterprise applications. Application logic is divided into components according to function, and the various application components that make up a J2EE application are installed on different machines depending on the tier in the multitier J2EE environment to which the application component belongs. The following Figure shows two multitier J2EE applications divided into the tiers described in the following list. The J2EE application parts shown in the Figure are presented in J2EE Components. Client-tier components run on the client machine. Web-tier components run on the J2EE server. Business-tier components run on the J2EE server. Enterprise information system (EIS)-tier software runs on the EIS server. Although a J2EE application can consist of the three or four tiers shown in Figure, J2EE multitiered applications are generally considered to be threetiered applications because they are distributed over three different locations: client machines, the J2EE server machine, and the database or legacy machines at the back end. Three-tiered applications that run in this way extend the standard two-tiered client and server model by placing a multithreaded application server between the client application and back-end storage. J2EE Architecture The required relationships of architectural elements of the J2EE platform are shown in Figure. Note that this figure shows the logical relationships of the elements; it is not meant to imply a physical partitioning of the elements into separate machines, processes, address spaces, or virtual machines.The Containers, denoted by the separate rectangles,are J2EE runtime environments that provide required services to the application components represented in the upper half of the rectangle. The services provided are denoted by the boxes in the lower half of the rectangle. For example, the Application Client Container provides Java Messaging Service (JMS) APIs to Application Clients, as well as the other services represented. All these services are explained below. The arrows represent required access to other parts of the J2EE platform. The Application Client Container provides Application Clients with direct access to the J2EE required Database through the Java API for connectivity with database systems, the JDBCTM API. Similar access to databases is provided to JSP pages and servlets by the Web Container, and to enterprise beans by the EJB Container. As indicated the APIs of the JavaTM 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SETM), are supported by J2SE runtime environments for each type of application component. J2EE Architecture Diagram J2EE Components J2EE applications are made up of components. A J2EE component is a self-contained functional software unit that is assembled into a J2EE application with its related classes and files and that communicates with other components. The J2EE specification defines the following J2EE components: Application clients and applets are components that run on the client. Java Servlet and JavaServer Pagesâ„ ¢ (JSPâ„ ¢) technology components are Web components that run on the server. Enterprise JavaBeansâ„ ¢ (EJBâ„ ¢) components (enterprise beans) are business Components that run on the server. J2EE components are written in the Java programming language and are compiled in the same way as any program in the language. The difference between J2EE components and â€Å"standard† Java classes is that J2EE components are assembled into a J2EE application, verified to be well formed and in compliance with the J2EE specification, and deployed to production, where they are run and managed by the J2EE server. J2EE Clients A J2EE client can be a Web client or an application client. Web Clients A Web client consists of two parts: dynamic Web pages containing various types of markup language (HTML, XML, and so on), which are generated by Web components running in the Web tier, and a Web browser, which renders the pages received from the server. A Web client is sometimes called a thin client. Thin clients usually do not do things like query databases, execute complex business rules, or connect to legacy applications. When you use a thin client, heavyweight operations like these are off-loaded to enterprise beans executing on the J2EE server where they can leverage the security, speed, services, and reliability of J2EE server-side technologies. Applets A Web page received from the Web tier can include an embedded applet. An applet is a small client application written in the Java programming language that executes in the Java virtual machine installed in the Web browser. However, client systems will likely need the Java Plug-in and possibly a security policy file in order for the applet to successfully execute in the Web browser. Web components are the preferred API for creating a Web client program because no plug-ins or security policy files are needed on the client systems. Also, Web components enable cleaner and more modular application design because they provide a way to separate applications programming from Web page design. Personnel involved in Web page design thus do not need to understand Java programming language syntax to do their jobs. Application Clients A J2EE application client runs on a client machine and provides a way for users to handle tasks that require a richer user interface than can be provided by a markup language. It typically has a graphical user interface (GUI) created from Swing or Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) APIs, but a command-line interface is certainly possible. Application clients directly access enterprise beans running in the

President Bill Clinton :: William Jefferson Clinton Essays

Bill Clinton was born William Jefferson Blythe III on August 19, 1946, in the small town of Hope, Arkansas. He was named after his father, William Jefferson Blythe II, who had been killed in a car accident just three months before his son's birth. Needing a way to support herself and her new child, Bill Clinton's mother, Virginia Cassidy Blythe, moved to New Orleans, Louisiana, to study nursing. Bill Clinton stayed with his mother's parents in Hope. There his grandparents, Eldrigde and Edith Cassidy, taught him strong values and beliefs such as "equality among all and discrimination to none". This was a lesson Bill never forgot. His mother returned from New Orleans with a nursing degree in 1950, when her son was four year old. Later that same year, she married an automobile salesman named Roger Clinton. When Bill was seven years old, the family moved to Hot Springs, Arkansas for it offered a better employment opportunities. Roger received a higher paying job as a service ma nager for his brother's car dealer-ship and Virginia discovered a job as a nurse anesthetist. In 1956, Bill Clinton's half-brother, Roger Clinton Jr., was born. When his brother was old enough to enter school, young Bill had his last name legally altered from Blythe to Clinton. Clinton's life continued and during his High school years he was awestruck by two successful leaders, John F. Kennedy and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. He was inspired by them so much that thrived on fulfilling their dreams. He raised money and organized charity events, but most of all he learned how to work with people and the concept of being a good citizen. In his spare time, he endulged himself in literature and played a saxophone. He loved music, and each summer he would attend a band camp in the Ozark Mountains. His hard work paid off when he became top saxophone player at his school and won first chair in state band. Bill Clinton recognized that although college would be expensive, it would give him the education he needed to accomplish his goals. His hard work in school, combined with his music ability, earned him many academic and music scholarships. With the aid of those scholarships and loans from the government, he was able to attend Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. He chose George town because it had an excellent foreign service program and it was located in the nations capital.

The Relationship Among Working Memory

The general focus of this research is to examine performance in standard cognitive frameworks and online tasks. The researchers hope to examine the influence that math anxiety exerts on mathematical cognition and to identify the processing components that are so influenced. HYPOTHESIS: The higher the math anxiety, the lower the working memory capacity, the higher the probability to get a low performance. VARIABLES: IV – math anxietyDV –working memory capacity, performance The independent variable math anxiety is manipulated into three levels: high, medium, low. The level of anxiety is determined through the use of sMARS (short math anxiety rating scale) is a 25-item version of the most widely used measure of this construct, 98 item MARS. The sMARS assesses an individual’s level of apprehension and anxiety about math on a 1-5 Likert scale, asking for participants’ responses about how anxious they would be made by various settings and experiences. The depend ent variables —– working memory capacity and performance.Salthouse and Bobcock’s listening span (L-span) and computation span (C-span) tasks assessed participants’ working memory capacity by requiring them to store increasing numbers of words or digits in working memory while processing simple verbal or arithmetic tasks. In L-span task, participants hear a number of simple sentences, one by one, and must answer a simple question about current sentence before hearing the next. In C-span test, simple arithmetic problems replace the sentences then the participants give the answer to each problem, one by one, and must recall the last number in each of the several problems within that, in order.In experiment 2, participants see the problem and are timed as they produce its answer verbally. In experiment 3, participants were given the L-span and C-span plus they were given a letter transformation task to test working memory capacity and processes. In the perfor mance, examines through the results of the intensive working memory tasks. PROCEDURE: Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3 CONCLUSION: The researchers concluded with two more general remarks. First, math anxiety is not epiphenomenon — it is not a cognitive appraisal about oneself that is unrelated to the nature of mental processing.For example, statistics students who do poorly on an exam claim that they become confused, are unable to focus on the task at hand, or keep thinking about how poor they are at math. Regardless of the subjectivity of these claims, they are entirely consistent with the researchers’ main result: Math anxiety disrupts the on-going, task-relevant activities of working memory, slowing down performance and degrading its accuracy. Second, the researchers note the positive effects of following advice with which this article began: that effect is an aspect of problem solving that deserves empirical attention.Cognitive investigations that include ind ividual difference characteristics like math anxiety are rare, yet may prove useful in gaining an understanding of domain-specific cognitions. Furthermore, it now appears that customary assessments of working memory span, especially those using arithmetic stimuli, are sensitive to at least two classes of influences: the central capacity and processing characteristics of the individual, to be sure, but also the transitory effects of anxiety in the testing situation.Given current and important efforts that relate working memory mechanisms to processes such as reading comprehension, memory retrieval, and the like, it would be sensible to consider the possibility that anxiety or other individual difference factors may be influencing both the assessments of individuals’ working memory span and their on-line performance. * The subjects were assigned to the treatment are mixed —- in experiment 1 the lower level undergraduate sychology classes were recruited and they are to re ceive a credit for participating, in experiment 2 they have some subject from experiment 1 and the additional subjects volunteered their participation in return for extra credit, while in experiment 3 did again get additional subjects which also undergraduate psychology graduates . * The researchers used ANOVA — column 3 of table 2 (page 228) presents the correlation between sMARS and the remaining variables, using math anxiety group (low, medium, high) as a between-subjects variable.They also used ANOVA two-way to see if the decline in capacity differed as a function of type of span task. * The objective of the study was realized for they have gathered two general remarks form their experiments and they have explained well the conclusions they have made regarding the relationship among working memory, math anxiety and performance.

Event Management Of Rio Carnival Festival Tourism Essay Essays

Event Management Of Rio Carnival Festival Tourism Essay Essays Event Management Of Rio Carnival Festival Tourism Essay Paper Event Management Of Rio Carnival Festival Tourism Essay Paper Introduction: The event selected in order to finish this piece of work is the Rio Carnival. This is one of the celebrated festivals and it is held before Lent and it is known as one of the biggest festival where the participant populace is more than two million in Numberss each twenty-four hours. The festival is one of the oldest 1 every bit good. Before traveling in to farther item of the event and covering the subject as of different required angles the research worker will give a brief history about event direction and the progresss which has taken topographic point with the transition of clip and debut of latest engineerings. ( Getz, 2007 ) Life is full events that are non merely interesting but full of attractive forces and escapade for the populace. There has been a batch said and discussed and largely one might happen finishs under enormous force per unit area as they are non certain how to cover by agencies of these events and salvage them as of going a touristic merchandise. In the yesteryear, major events have been victim of different unwanted actions which has non merely spoiled the image of the finish but in add-on the celebrity of the event has been affected to a great extent. In the present universe where engineering through media has covered all the amusement facets for public and public can bask the event as of the parturiency of their place merely by sitting in forepart of their telecasting sets, still the existent joy is for unrecorded amusement as public want to take part and be portion of the colourful environment which can non be captured or experienced through telecasting no affair how good they are ca ptured. A superior quotable Event Management method offers an organisation with the aptitude to feel Events, acknowledge them, and so take on a suited control disturbance or action to avoid an happening and/or service break. Suitable activities or behaviors can consist of an action to let go of an event or to follow an event. Well-organized service processs base on the timely handling of the several activities indispensable to avoid confrontations and service outages. ( Reisinger, 2009 ) As Event Management offers the capableness to feel incidents before clip, an association can configure engineering to prolong an Event Management process to trip an event after it has been automatically noticed and be automatically allocated to the suited resolver cabal for action before any definite service break or outage happens. Using engineering to prolong an Event Management process makes it likely for a few activities to be observed by freedom which can help eliminate the demand for dearly-won and supply concentrated existent clip monitoring , whereas at the similar clip, dropping inaccessibility or down clip. Inside Event Management there are some altered sorts of events to manage which include: Normal Operation Events: These sorts of events can consist an automatic proclamation that a planned work load occupation has ended as usual or a consumer has logged into an contraption that they had the right point of admittance to, or an electronic mail has attained an awaited receiving system. Standard procedure events are important to detect since they might stand for a breach of policy or non observation to a development. ( Richards et al. , 2010 ) Exception Events: These sorts of events might consist user enterprises to entree an application with an incorrect watchword excessively many times or, a device s CPU is above an acceptable use rate or a Personal computer scan reveals the installing of improper package. ( Reisinger, 2009 ) Unusual Events: These sorts of events typically represent something unexpected and necessitate immediate notice such as server memory use within 5 % of the highest expected public presentation degree, or the decision clip of a dealing 10 % longer than normal. The cardinal point with any of these event sorts is that instant action should happen in order to either raise an incident record or a dismiss and log of the event for farther monitoring and trending. The Benefits of Event Management: By officially using these cardinal activities of an Event Management class, organisations are able to augment effectual efficiencies by going more practical at pull offing operations that cognition mistakes and service outages. In today s multifaceted IT environments, the grade of informations being produced on a day-to-day footing can be resistless plus unmanageable devoid of controlled and quotable procedures and the engineering to back up those procedures. Millions of trade s trades that rely on IT prop up are conducted every twenty-four hours. Devoid of an accepting of critical concern procedures, pull offing events turns out to be an unproductive best conjecture enterprise. ( Getz, 2007 ) An lineation of what the festival/event is: The carnival held one time a twelvemonth in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil is the for the most portion well-known party in the universe, turning year-on-year and pulling 100s of 1000s of foreign every bit good as national tourers. In the hebdomad about festival 80 % of the annual ingestion of beer is intoxicated plus 70 % of the annual tourer net incomes are composed, doubtless demoing the significance of the event cheaply? To Brazilians festival and dancing are every bit important as football, which is truly stating something! A The roots of festival: The name carnival comes as of the Latin word carnelevare intending abstention as of the feeding of meat and domestic fowl. Carnival hebdomad is held to hold by agencies of the start of the Roman Catholic period of Lent, 40 yearss prior to Easter. Lent is conventionally a period of abstention, supplication and self-evaluation for Christians and represents the 40 yearss that the Bible tells us Jesus spent in the desert defying the enticements of Satan. As the day of the months for Easter vary each twelvemonth so do those for the chief carnival weekend. There are several parades and parties by plus following the chief labeled events in the Sambodromo, some of which are free plus held in the street in assorted territories about the metropolis or as pattern weekends in the cardinal site itself. ( Dunne L et al. , 2002 ) Carnival as a celebration of music, dancing, misbehavior every bit good as extremes plus day of the months back to the ancient Roman carnival of Saturnalia which was introduced in 217 BC to raise the assurance of battle-weary Romans following overcomes by the Carthaginians. It was classically a hebdomad of feeding, imbibing every bit good as the deride turnaround of the communal order, slaves being given several farther autonomies for case Several Roman Emperors such as Augustus and Caligula tried to shorten the celebrations to 3 yearss but were met by agencies of such chaos plus were forced to go the residents to their societal assemblage. ( Getz, 2007 ) Rio Carnival today: Even though Rio Carnival may non be the lone party in Brazil, is still expensive well-known. Equally far as the participants are considered, biggest carnival in footings of member is held in Recife in the North where in 2006 1.5 million people took portion. The Rio event has developed repeatedly since its happening back in the seventeenth Century furthermore every twelvemonth it grows in size and more country and obeche schools turn out to be mixed up in the spectacle.A Blocos ( Blocks ) are bantam or in-between sized fold of instrumentalists and terpsichoreans drawn as of vicinities who parade with a disputing subject, slogan and point. They could be clothed in fiting T shirts or in excess inordinate outfit and there are now over 100 Blocos, legion of whom do non even travel away as of their street or vicinity while exposing. Hundreds of local people congregate and escort them in their difficult work. ( Richards et al. , 2010 ) Over profoundly financed obeche schools are immense groups of performing artists which participate in parade competitions in a peculiarly built Sambodromo. These schools procession held on the 4 major darks of the carnival, along with the rubric parade individual held on the Saturday dark. The official resistance can be alienated into 10 classs and a victor picked as of each distribution after being reconsidered on each of the followers ; beating set, Samba vocal, Harmony, Flow and spirit, topic of the twelvemonth, Overall feeling, Floats and props, Costumes, Vanguard group and Flag carrier. There are 4 Judgess in each group and these people sit in booths along the parade path in the Sambodromo. Great standing is awarded to the victors and the competition is taken really critically with monolithic sums of efforts, exercising and money invested. ( Reisinger, 2009 ) Entrance tickets for the Sambodromo parades are awarded and as such are dearly-won even in the low-cost bleacher seats which cost some hundred dollars. Topographic points in the VIP boxes run to 1000s of dollars as they offer the witness much more ease and handiness of installations, unfastened saloon, 3 class dinner etc. for what is a lengthy of sing. Tickets and some hotels often sell out month s in progress so if you want to travel guarantee a longer manner in progress. The stakeholders: Keeping in head the nature of the event it turns out to be clear that the stakeholders are fundamentally the tourers and local audiences that come as of everyplace to bask this event, its coloring material and the different parade and dances which are the really major portion of this festival. ( Bichou et al. , 2007 ) Social-cultural benefits and issues linked with festival: The modern universe is confronting menaces like terrorist act and mark violent death and there are many parts of the universe where the felons wait for such mega events so that they can acquire a opportunity to do harm on high graduated tables. The harm can be anything like robbing, killing and even bomb blasts which are usually the cardinal focal point for terrorists in today s universe. The community may ever experience itself at hazard during such plans and events as the ratio of offense is higher and it s hard to follow and command due to the size of event. Talking about benefits, festival like Rio brings concern to the state and enables the alien to understand the civilization of the native people. Not merely does it pull people for long clip but even in the four ( Getz, 2007 ) What tourists might comprehend as an effort to acquire closer to the reliable and to interrupt through to the back part, hosts will frequently comprehend as a misdemeanor, an violation on private and personal infinite, and these differing perceptual experiences shape the power dealingss flanked by hosts and tourers. Merely as objects are altered as they are placed in the forepart and false dorsum parts, the hosts are alienated through their functions in the concern: they become anders, person other than what they one time were. This position of how hosts and their civilization are changed allows me to turn up the cardinal impression of genuineness in the review of the touristry concern in the plants in my acquisition. The three writers portray touristry as doing those who live and work in the concern anders. Returning to the impression of forepart and back parts, so, I argue that the creative persons portray the echt back part as a infinite that has been lost or is threatened by touristry, as it is bit by bit becomes anders and is turned into a false, staged back part. The acquisition depicts touristry and its impacts as a menace, implicitly observing a failure to protect the genuineness of the back part as of touristry. Discussion on how the festival event can assist to further cultural apprehension There are many possible ways in the carnival may assist in order to further cultural apprehensions. The universe has turns out to be little small town and as a consequence people have turns out to be closer to each other with the aid of Information engineering. That is the chief cause behind the fact that people want to cognize about each other s civilization values and beliefs as they find cognizing about these cultural values really interesting. In order to acquire the cultural understandings events like The Rio Carnival plays a cardinal function as non merely the fact that its is really attractive but at the same clip it s one of the celebrated and large festival that automatically attracts the attending of people as of all over the universe and they want to cognize about it, how it started and the other linked civilizations with it. ( Bichou et al. , 2007 ) Peoples as of all over the universe as mentioned earlier fly to Brazil to bask this festival. This gives them chance to cognize about the local civilizations and the different interesting facts that may be associated with these civilizations which may change after every hundred stat mis depending on the locals of the state and different cultural beliefs which they may possess. Recommendations for extenuating negative societal and cultural impacts of the event festival Contemporary universe faces some serious menaces. These menaces can be terrorist act, robberies, violent deaths and other issues. Terrorists are ever in hunt of such festivals and societal assemblages where the figure of participants irrespective of the fact that they are performer or audience. This merely for the ground that the more large the assemblage is the bigger will be the degree of devastation which may be caused by these terrorists. Therefore, it turns out to be the duty of the event direction squad and the concerned governments to do certain that all the available latest tools and other installations like information engineering and directions and security techniques are adopted in order to do certain that the event direction is successful at the same clip is safe as of any sort terrorist activity which may do the loss of cherished lives. ( Getz, 2007 ) Decisions: Sing the elaboratenesss of IT organisations at present, there is a strong demand of all right Event direction pattern and the demand for engineering enabled processs is critical for best possible operational effectivity. The intent of an Event Management class is to perceive events of important service factors and respond immediately to direct those events. At present we want informations gathered, concurrent, processed and so analyzed as much fleetly and right as possible. Effectiveness commence with anterior readying to acquire an thought that which services are indispensable and entail supervising along with usual reassess Sessionss to maintain these regulations clear, precise and applicable. ( Reisinger, 2009 ) Technology contributes a great trade in heightening the Event Management procedure by computerising the existent procedure actions themselves ( for illustration event acknowledgment, event proclamation and automatic incident formation ) , and through analysing the consequences as of some other associated processs ( such as Configuration Management ) . Incorporation with other patterns ( peculiarly Incident Management, crisis Management, Accessibility Management, Configuration Management and Service rank Management ) is crucially important to vouch that events are handled expeditiously and that the maximal degrees of handiness and service are kept. ( Getz, 2007 )

Night by Elie Weisel Study Guide Questions Essays

Night by Elie Weisel Study Guide Questions Essays Night by Elie Weisel Study Guide Questions Paper Night by Elie Weisel Study Guide Questions Paper Essay Topic: Literature Chapter 1: Describe Mosh the Beadle Mosh the Beadle was Elies spiritual advisor. Chapter 1: Why did Eliezer pray and why did he cry when he prayed? Eliezer didnt know why he prayed but he felt like something needed to be cried about when he prayed. Chapter 1: Upon his return, what story did Mosh tell? Mosh told the story of how he watched the German soldiers kill Jews and use babies as shooting targets. Chapter 1: Why didnt the people believe Moshs story? They didnt believe Moshs story because Mosh the Beadle was already odd in their eyes and they felt that he was just trying to recieve pity. Chapter 1: Cite examples of how the Jewish citizens of Sighet began to lose their rights. The Jews of Sighet lost their homes, rights of wardrobe, and their independence. Chapter 1: What is a ghetto? A small town with horrible living conditions Chapter 1: Why did the citizens resist the truth, even when it was in front of them? The Jews wanted to stay hopeful that something good might come. Chapter 1: Describe the conditions in the train (at the end of the chapter). The train was cramped and unsecure. Chapter 2: Where was the train when Elie replied Our eyes were open, but too late? Kaschau Chapter 2: What was forshadowed by Madame Schacters nightmare? The train being set on fire. Chapter 2: What did some of the passangers do to quiet Madame Schacter? The passangers hit her, gagged her, and tied her up. Chapter 2: Where did the train finally stop? Auschwitz Chapter 3: When questioned by the S.S. Officer, why did Elie lie about his age and occupation? He lied because the boys who were too young and the men who were too old would have been cremated. Chapter 3: What was the horrifying sight that Elie at first disbelieved? The children in the furnace. Chapter 3: Explain what Elie meant when he said Never will I forget these flames which consumed my faith forever? Elie meant that he had nothing left to pray for or thank God for. Chapter 3: How had Elie changed in a short time? He had forgotten about his faith Chapter 3: What was Elies first impression of Auschwitz after leaving Birkenau? He hated it. Chapter 3: What was the compulsory formality at the entrance to all camps? Running, a hot shower, new clothes. Chapter 3: What sort of indenification was used on the prisoners? Numbers Chapter 3: Why was the prisoner in charge of Elies block removed from this position? He was too kind of to the prisoners. Chapter 3: What were the prisoners rations at each meal? Bread and soup Chapter 3: What was Bela Katz forced to do once he was chosen for his strength? He was forced to cremate his own father. Chapter 4: What were the objectives of the medical examinations? To gain money and the strong kids and adults Chapter 4: How did Elie initially avoid losing his gold crown? He pretended to be sick. Chapter 5: Why didnt Elie fast on Yom Kippur? His father didnt want him to and he had lost his faith anyway. Chapter 6: What happened to anyone who could not keep up with the march? They were shot or trampled to death. Chapter 6: How did Zalman die? He was trampled. Chapter 6: What horrible relization did Elie come to concerning Rabbi Elahou and his son? His son wanted his father to die. Chapter 6: What was Julieks last act? Playing Beethoven Chapter 6: How did Elie help his father when the selection was made? He brought his father into a shed and helped him fall asleep. Chapter 7: How did Elie again help his father when they were on the train? The Germans were throwing the dead out the train and one German thoughts Elies father was dead but Elie reasured him he wasnt. Chapter 7: Describe the scene Elie witnessed between the father and son. A father had a loaf of bread in his shirt and was going to share it with his son but the son killed his father and ate the bread himself. Chapter 7: How many got out of the wagon? Where had they arrived? 100 people got out of the wagon. They went to Buchenwald. Chapter 8: Explain how the father/ son roles had been reversed in the case of Elie and his father. Elie played the role as the father while trying to keep him from letting himself die in the cold. Chapter 8: Why was Elies father being beaten? He was being too loud while calling Elie to get him water. Chapter 8: What did Elie think of the advice given to him by the head of the block? It was selfish but true. There was nothing left to do for his father. Chapter 9: What happened on April 5th? Some prisoners was released and never came back. Chapter 9: What was the resistance movement? What did they do? America fought with Germany and won the battle. Chapter 9: What did the prisoners do when they were freed? They just wanted food. No revenge. No lost ones. Hilda Elies oldest sister who his mother wanted to marry off Bea Elies older sister Tsipora Elies younger sister Moishe the Beadle homeless; taken away for being a Foreign Jew; survives almost being killed; tries to warn the people of Sighet, but they ignore him Juliek plays the violin; lives with Elie in the musicians block; the last thing he played was Beethoven as a song of defiance Bela Katz strong Jew who was forced to work at the crematorium; had to put his own father on the fire Yossi Tibbi Elies friends in the electrical factory; brothers from Czechoslovakia French girl Comforted Elie after he was whipped; he later found out she was a Jew passing as a non-Jew Schlomo Elies Dad Idek Guard in the electrical factory; who was caught by Elie having relations with a Polish girl, so he whipped Elie 25 times Franek Polish guard who decides Elies father doesnt march correctly, and picks on him. Elie agrees to give him his gold crown to stop picking on his father. Akiba Drumer Religious man who gives up his faith and then dies Zalman had a stomach cramp while running in the evacuation and is trampled to death Stein of Antwerp Elies relative; married to Reizel; says he can survive as long as he knows she is alive; he dies after he finds out that she and their children are dead Maria the Weisel familys former maid who offers to hide them in her village Rabbi Elihau he was too tired to run during the evacuation to Gleiwitz, so his son ran ahead of him and left him behind